TV Satellite Receivers.

In a satellite ground station adapted to receive a plurality of television channels arriving, respectively, on different frequency carriers, a separate tuneable receiver is provided for each control center which is served by the ground station. When the tuneable receiver is switched in frequency, the first field sync pulse following receipt of a switching signal initiates a blank field which is placed at a d.c. The succeeding field will be a complete field of the T.V.

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The parabolic shape of a dish reflects the signal to the dish?s focal point. Mounted on brackets at the dish's focal point is a device called a feedhorn. This feedhorn is essentially the front-end of a waveguide that gathers the signals at or near the focal point and 'conducts' them to a low-noise block downconverter or LNB.

Early evening yesterday, the new Apstar 6 satellite at 134.0 E was "turned on" and the migration of channels from the old Apstar-1 satellite was initiated. Incredible signals strength and quality was seen at levels between 85% and 95% !! This is, without a doubt the most powerful satellite that is up there, at this time. Let's see if iPSTAR-1, which is expected to be launched on July 7th, can measure up. As for the channels on APSTAR - 6: unfortunately all of the channels (so far) are are in chinese.

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L Band is the frequency range by satellite equipment to transfer a satellite signal from the LNB on the dish to the receivers. The official frequency range for L-band is 1 to 2 GHz. Standard satellite LNBS use 950 to 1450 MHz as an intermittent frequency.

Means are provided at a ground station for selectively receiving any of the satellite retransmitted carrier frequencies and transferring any selected T. V. signal to the local control stations served by the ground station. Switching between different carriers is accomplished at the ground station and is carried out without using 24 separate receivers and conventional baseband switching devices.

C band satellite systems use a 6 to 12 foot dish for reception of television and data transmissions. C-band covers from 3.7 to 8 GHz, however the frequency range for satellite television is from 3.7 to 4.2 GHz. Used mostly for commercial satellite television transmissions, C-band is becoming less of a residential option.

Modern dishes intended for home television use are generally 43 to 80cm (31in) in diameter, and are fixed in one position, for Ku-band reception from one orbital position. Prior to the existence of direct broadcast satellite services, home users would generally have a motorised C-band satellite dish of up to 3 metres in diameter for reception of channels from different satellites. Overly small dishes can still cause problems, however, including rain fade and interference from adjacent satellites.

If at least 4 apartments wish to receive Sky, only one Sky dish will be necessary for all the building to receive. In most cases a landlord will not mind having one small Sky dish if it can be shared by all residents.

In Europe the frequencies used by DBS services are 10.7 - 12.75 GHz on two polarisations H and V. This range is divided into a "low band" with 10.7 - 11.7 GHz, and a "high band" with 11.7 - 12.75 GHz. This results in two frequency bands, each with a bandwidth of about 1 GHz, each with two possible polarizations. In the LNB they become down converted to 950 - 2150 MHz, which is the frequency range allocated for the satellite service on the coaxial cable between LNBF and receiver. Lower frequencies are allocated to cable and terrestrial TV, FM radio, etc. Only one of these frequency bands fits on the coaxial cable, so each of these bands needs a separate cable from the LNBF to a switching matrix or the receiver needs to select one of the 4 possibilities at a time.

Ka-band is the newest satellite broadcast band. Ranging from 27 GHz to 40 GHz. Ka-band is used by Wildblue and DIRECTV. Wildblue uses Ka-band for delivering of satellite broadband and DIRECTV uses Ka-band to supplement their existing Ku band channel capacity.

Polarization is very important in the satellite world, because some times one frequency can be used two times by using two opposing polarizations, to avoid the affect ness of two signals on the two identical frequencies. This could help in doubling the actual number of channels that can be transmitted.

If the system stops it may not be fixed for several days. At the moment the present operating LNB has a local oscillator frequency of 9.75 GHz. Polarisation is set to Receive Horizontal or Vertical - see the current status line in red near the top of the page. Ignore polarisation the selection option in the url parameter string. .7GHz is down-converted to 950 MHz, 11.7 GHz is down-converted to 1950 MHz. The default satellite spectrum centre frequency is 11.2 GHz and span 1000 MHz. Each horizontal division is 100 MHz wide. The vertical scaling is 5 dB per division. There is no transmit BUC, so it is quite safe to use and won't cause interference to satellite services.

A satellite dish that is mounted on a pole and driven by a stepper motor can be controlled and rotated to face any satellite position in the sky. Motor-driven dishes are popular with enthusiasts. There are three competing standards: DiSEqC, USALS, and 36v positioners. Many receivers support all of these standards.

Wildblue uses 19.7 to 20.2 GHz for the signal sent to the Wildblue customers dish (User Downlink) and 29.5 to 30.0 GHz for sending signal out to the satellite from the users dish (Users Uplink). Go here for more information on Wildblue Satellite Internet frequency allocations.

As shown in FIG. the ground station 12 is provided with receivers 20 and 22, each of which is tuneable to the frequency of interest and which operates to detect and demodulate the selected signal to provide a T. V. baseband signal at its output. Suitable tuneable receivers, also referred to herein as detector/demodulators, are presently known and sold by a number of manufacturers. Each of the receivers is provided with a switching means, 26, 28 which responds to the channel selection control signals at 30 and 32, respectively, as will be more fully described hereinafter. The outputs from the respective switching means are transmitted by cables or the like to the local control stations 14 and 16. The ground station may comprise an additional receiver 24 just in case one of the receivers 20 and 22 are in need of repair.

Part of the Ku-band spectrum used for Fixed Satellite Service. Virtually every dish in the 1 meter to 1.7 meter size is used for FSS band reception. FSS satellites can be spaced 2 degrees apart, which limits their maximum power output to avoid adjacent satellite interference. Today the FSS band is used by Hughesnet ,and Starband for satellite internet. Free-To-Air (FTA) satellite systems also use the FSS band. The FSS band is also used for transmitting television shows, back haul feeds for remote news broadcast and many more companies for various data/video transmissions.

A common type of satellite dish is the very small aperture terminal (VSAT). This provides two way satellite internet communications for both consumers and private networks for organisations. Today most VSATs operate in Ku band, C band is restricted to less populated regions of the world. There is a move which started in 2005 towards new Ka band satellites operating at higher frequencies, offering greater performance at lower cost. These antennas vary from 74cm to 120cm in most applications though C-band VSATs may be as large as 2.4m.

The Broadcast Satellite sub-band of the Ku-band is commonly called the DBS band. The D in DBS is sometimes called Digital, and others will say it means Direct. Some consider this band to be called the BSS band for Business Satellite Service. That is not correct. BSS is a term used to describe a type of service and not the actually band of frequencies used to deliver that service.